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Earth’s core may be cooling faster than scientists thought

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Earth’s core may be cooling faster than scientists thought

Earth’s core has been cooling since Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago, when the entire surface was covered in a magma ocean.

A study published Jan. 15 challenges scientific understanding of how fast this cooling occurs, showing that the process is moving much faster than scientists thought.

The findings, by researchers from Switzerland, Germany, the United States and Japan, add to support from a flurry of studies that radiation plays a larger role in extracting heat from Earth’s core than previously assumed.

The core-mantle boundary lies between Earth’s lower mantle and its liquid core. Scientists believe it is mainly composed of a mineral called bridgemanite, named after physicist Percy Bridgeman in 2014. Scientists believe that Bridgeman rock is the most abundant mineral on Earth.

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“We finally found that [bridgmanite’s] previous thermal conductivity values ​​were severely underestimated,” said Motohiko Murakami, professor of earth sciences at ETH Zurich and lead author of the study.

Takashi Murakami and his colleagues found that the thermal conductivity of Bridgemanite was 1.5 times higher than expected.

“Heat transfer from the core will be more efficient than previously thought, which ultimately causes the core to cool faster than expected,” Murakami said.

Complete News Source : DW

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Patterns of behaviour that emerge after trauma

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Patterns of behaviour that emerge after trauma

Trauma is a deeply distressing or disturbing experience that can leave a lasting impact on a person’s mental and emotional health. It can result from a range of events, such as natural disasters, accidents, physical or emotional abuse, or military combat. Trauma can have a significant effect on a person’s behavior and can manifest in various ways. Here are some patterns of behavior that often emerge after trauma:

  1. Hyperarousal: After experiencing trauma, a person may feel constantly on edge, with heightened levels of anxiety and tension. This can manifest as irritability, restlessness, and difficulty sleeping.
  2. Avoidance: Trauma can also cause a person to avoid situations, people, or places that remind them of the traumatic experience. This can lead to social withdrawal, isolation, and a loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities.
  3. Emotional numbness: Trauma can cause a person to feel emotionally disconnected or numb, making it difficult for them to experience positive emotions such as joy or love.
  4. Hypervigilance: A person who has experienced trauma may be hyper-aware of their surroundings and perceive threats where none exist. This can lead to an increased sense of danger, which can trigger anxiety or panic attacks.
  5. Flashbacks: Trauma can cause a person to experience vivid and intrusive memories of the traumatic event. These flashbacks can be triggered by a range of stimuli, such as sights, sounds, or smells.
  6. Guilt and shame: Trauma can cause a person to experience feelings of guilt, shame, and self-blame. They may feel responsible for what happened to them, even when it was beyond their control.
  7. Substance abuse: Trauma can lead to the use of drugs or alcohol as a way of coping with difficult emotions. This can quickly become a self-destructive pattern of behavior that exacerbates the trauma.

It’s important to note that not everyone who experiences trauma will display all of these behaviors, and that each person’s response to trauma is unique. However, recognizing these patterns of behavior can help individuals and their loved ones identify when trauma may be a contributing factor to mental and emotional health challenges. Seeking professional support, such as therapy or counseling, can help individuals process their trauma and learn healthy coping mechanisms to manage their behavior.

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