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Earth’s interior cooling down faster than expected, study shows why

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Earth’s interior cooling down faster than expected, study shows why

A team of researchers has developed a measurement system that measures the thermal conductivity of Bridgman rocks in the laboratory under the pressure and temperature conditions that prevail in Earth’s interior.

The research has been published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters. The evolution of our planet is the story of its cooling: 4.5 billion years ago, extreme temperatures prevailed on the surface of the young Earth, which was covered by a deep ocean of magma.

Over millions of years, the planet’s surface cooled to form a brittle crust. However, the enormous thermal energy from the Earth’s interior has altered dynamic processes such as mantle convection, plate tectonics and volcanism.

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The question that remains unanswered, however, is how fast the Earth is cooling, and how long it will take for this continuous cooling to stop the aforementioned thermally driven processes. One possible answer might lie in the thermal conductivity of the minerals that form the boundary between the core and mantle.

This boundary layer is relevant because it is here that the sticky rock of the mantle comes into direct contact with the hot iron-nickel melt in the planet’s outer core. The temperature gradient between the two layers is very steep, so there can be a lot of heat flow here. The boundary layer is mainly formed by the mineral Brinell.

Complete News Source : DNA

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Kareena Kapoor chuckles at Jeh’s antics while sharing pictures of Taimur during a skiing trip in Switzerland.

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Kareena Kapoor chuckles at Jeh’s antics while sharing pictures of Taimur during a skiing trip in Switzerland.

Kareena Kapoor is enjoying her vacation in Switzerland with her husband, Saif Ali Khan, sons Taimur and Jeh, sharing photos from their skiing session on Instagram. Taimur, dressed in a red and green outfit, stands outdoors wearing ski gear, captioned by Kareena with a red heart and laughing emojis and a star emoji.

Kareena and Saif Ali Khan surprised their sons with special gifts during Christmas, sharing a glimpse of her international celebrations on Instagram. Kareena and Saif, who worked together in LOC Kargil and Omkara, fell in love on the 2008 film Tashan. They have two sons, Tamir and Jeh, and two children.

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Kareena appeared in Rohit Shetty’s action film, Singham Again, alongside Ajay Devgn, Akshay Kumar, Ranveer Singh, Tiger Shroff, Deepika Padukone, Arjun Kapoor, and Jackie Shroff.

Kareena Kapoor, the Bollywood actress known for her charismatic presence both on and off the screen, recently shared a heartwarming glimpse into her family vacation with her sons Taimur and Jeh during their skiing trip to Switzerland. Kareena, who frequently delights her fans with pictures of her family, posted some adorable snapshots that captured her son Taimur’s fun-filled moments on the snowy slopes.

The pictures, which were shared on her social media, show Taimur happily skiing and enjoying his time in the picturesque Swiss Alps. Fans were quick to notice his growing sense of independence and adventure as he took on the slopes with enthusiasm. As the firstborn of Kareena and Saif Ali Khan, Taimur has often been in the public eye since his birth, and his fans love to keep up with his activities and milestones.

However, it wasn’t just Taimur who stole the spotlight in Kareena’s recent post. The actress also shared a few candid moments featuring her younger son, Jeh. In one of the photos, Jeh is seen playfully enjoying his time in the snow, and Kareena can be heard chuckling in the background at his antics.

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The playful interactions between mother and son were endearing, and Kareena’s affectionate laughter resonated with her followers, who were quick to comment on how sweet it was to see such a joyful family moment.

Kareena’s captions further added to the charm of the post, as she wrote about how skiing was not just an adventure for Taimur but also a bonding experience for the entire family. While Taimur was embracing the thrill of skiing,

Jeh was content with his little snow games, and Kareena couldn’t help but laugh at the amusing and often unpredictable nature of family vacations with young children. Her playful comments Taimur and Jeh away from the hustle andabout Jeh’s quirky behavior added a light-hearted touch to the post, making her followers feel connected to her and her family.

The scenic backdrop of Switzerland added an enchanting layer to the beautiful pictures. With snow-capped mountains and picturesque landscapes, the family seemed to be having the perfect winter getaway. Kareena, known for her love for travel, has often shared snippets of her vacations with her followers, and this trip to Switzerland was no different. Fans were overjoyed to see the Kapoor family creating new memories together.

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Beyond just a fun-filled family vacation, the skiing trip also highlighted Kareena’s bond with her children. As a busy actress who juggles her career and family life, Kareena has always emphasized the importance of spending quality time with her loved ones. This trip was no exception, as she used the opportunity to bond with Taimur and Jeh away from the hustle and bustle of their daily lives.

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