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NASA Finds Evidence Confirming Water Flowed On Mars Longer Than Previously Thought

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NASA Finds Evidence Confirming Water Flowed On Mars Longer Than Previously Thought

NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) found on Wednesday that water on the red planet is flowing for longer than previously thought.
NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) found Wednesday that water has been flowing on the red planet longer than previously thought. According to a blog post, MRO determined that water left salt minerals on the surface of Mars 2 billion years ago. NASA said the detection of the salinity signature was the first mineral evidence of the presence of liquid water in this desolate world.
It was previously thought that Mars’ water evaporated about 3 billion years ago. However, according to the blog, two scientists who have studied MRO data over the past 15 years have found evidence of a significantly shorter timeline. Their research revealed signs of liquid water on the Red Planet between 2 billion and 2.5 billion years ago, meaning it took the water to get there about a billion years longer than previously estimated.
“It’s amazing that, more than a decade after providing high-resolution imagery, stereo and infrared data, MRO has driven new discoveries about the nature and timing of these ancient salt ponds connected to the river,” said Ehlmann, CRISM’s vice-chancellor of investigators in a statement.

The research center’s findings found deposits of chloride salts left behind when icy meltwater flowing across the landscape evaporates. The salt deposits provide the first mineral evidence for the existence of liquid water, scientists say. Now, the discovery raises new questions about how long microbial life could have survived if it ever formed on Mars.
“The more planets we map, the better we understand”
The research was conducted by Ellen Leakk as part of her Ph.D. work at Caltech. According to the blog, Leakk used data from an MRO instrument called the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) to map chloride salts in the clay-rich highlands of Mars’ southern hemisphere terrain, which were pitted by impact craters. These craters are one of the keys to determining salt age, she explained: The fewer craters a terrain has, the younger it is. By counting the number of craters in an area of ​​the surface, researchers can estimate its age.

Scientists have found that much of the salt was once located in the depressions of shallow pools on gently sloping volcanic plains. In addition, they found meandering dry channels near former streams that once fed surface runoff (from occasional melting ice or permafrost) into these ponds.
“Part of the value of MRO is that over time, we get an increasingly detailed view of Earth,” said Leslie Tamppari, the mission’s JPL associate project scientist. “The more we map the Earth with instruments, the better we can learn about its history.”

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HT Rewind 2024: Teja Sajja says HanuMan kicking off the year in style is the moment he’d been ‘waiting for’ | Exclusive

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HT Rewind 2024: Teja Sajja says HanuMan kicking off the year in style is the moment he’d been ‘waiting for’ | Exclusive

In conversation with Hindustan Times, Teja Sajja decodes the success of HanuMan and other Telugu films, talks about his upcoming projects, and more.
When Prasanth Varma’s superhero film HanuMan, starring Teja Sajja, was announced to be released alongside big films like Mahesh Babu’s Guntur Kaaram, Venkatesh’s Saindhav and Nagarjuna’s Naa Saami Ranga in January this year, no one expected the underdog to emerge on top. And yet, the film, made on a budget of under ₹50 crore, managed to collect over ₹300 crore at the box office worldwide in 25 days, becoming one of the highest-grossing Indian films for the year. (Also Read: Ranveer Singh met HanuMan actor Teja Sajja, complimented him even after his Prasanth Varma film Rakshas got shelved)

Ask Teja about the moment he realised his film had not just fought against the tide but also risen to the top; he tells Hindustan Times in an exclusive conversation, “Since I returned to acting (as a lead actor after being a child artiste since 1998), this is the moment I’ve been waiting for. When everything from the HanuMan teaser to the songs was grabbing attention, we knew we had hit a gold mine. But I don’t think we imagined it would cross the ₹300 crore threshold. We were so satisfied with the opening numbers; everything else was a bonus.”

‘Success has given me fear of disappointing people’

Teja acted in Zombie Reddy, Ishq and Adbhutham before HanuMan, but they are what you would call ‘critical successes’, adding to his repertoire as an actor who can perform. But things have changed for him now, says Teja, who is being picky about the roles he says yes to. “Success either makes you overconfident or gives you the fear of disappointing people; I have the latter,” he explains.

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Teja admits he wants to chart out his career in Hrithik Roshan’s footsteps, but not in the way you think. “I have such a fondness for Hrithik due to Koi Mil Gaya and Krrish. No matter how well he performed after that, these left a lasting impression on me; I’m sure 90s kids will agree,” he says, adding, “Similarly, I’ve realised that I have an audience in children now. I want to be conscious of that when I pick roles. I want to make films families can enjoy together.”

But despite people in places like Mumbai or Delhi recognising him, Teja says he’s clear that he wants to cater to the Telugu audience first. “I am conscious that I am making films for my playground – the Telugu states. This is the sensibility I have grown up with, and I don’t know if I can cater to everyone else. Will I promote my films in other languages? Sure. But I also can’t be part of films that aren’t authentic to what I know or understand,” he explains.

‘Rootedness has put us on the world map’

And authenticity seems to be the need of the hour. Be it Baahubali and RRR or the recently released Pushpa 2: The Rule, Kalki 2898 AD and Devara: Part 1, certain kind of stories seem to be finding success. “Rootedness and going local is proving to be such a boon for us, be it in Devara or Pushpa or HanuMan. Kalki 2898 AD was our version of a Hollywood film (the sci-fi concept) with actors from across languages in predominant roles; it put us on the world map,” reflects Teja.

However, the actor admits Tollywood went through a phase of Bollywood-inspired rom-coms and family dramas that worked in their favour for a while. “That wasn’t easy to replicate either, but it’s just that these local stories are what the audience seems most interested in now. It can’t just be chalked up to religion, too. It’s about the morals these films are hinged on, the fighting for righteousness, and how an underdog can find their strength. Introducing Mahabharata or Ramayana to a new audience in a cool way is just a perk,” he says.

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And it’s this rootedness that Teja says his next films, Mirai and Jai Hanuman (the sequel to HanuMan), will also have ample of. “Mirai is also a superhero film that caters to kids, but it’s not an origin story like HanuMan. It has a pan-Asian and Buddhist touch because the story is based on King Ashoka’s ideologies. I hope that I will get to deliver something new to the audience again. I will only feel like I’ve arrived if Mirai is equally, if not more, successful,” says Teja.

Rishab Shetty will headline Jai Hanuman, but Teja also looks forward to shooting that. “I can’t wait to be on that set; it’ll be exciting. Now that we know India is ready to watch our films, I want to step it up. I want to shift gears and shoot for at least two films in 2025,” he says. As for what he will do next, Teja says he wants to up the ante. “When I got a SIIMA award for Zombie Reddy as a debutant, I remember telling Prasanth this would be the last award I get. But now that I won a Radio City Cine Award for Best Actor, I hope more awards will follow,” he signs off cheekily.

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