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Mars had liquid water 2 billion years ago: study

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2 years ago

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Mars had liquid water 2 billion years ago: study

NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), launched in 2005, helped scientists determine that Mars had surface water 2 billion years ago. Previous research concluded that water on Mars evaporated about 3 billion years ago, and this new finding dramatically shortens that timeline.

The findings were published last month in AGU Advances. The team made the discovery by studying the chloride salt deposits left behind when ice water evaporates. Salt deposits also provided the first mineral evidence for the existence of liquid water on Mars.
Water has been flowing on Mars for longer than previously thought…a billion years! Findings come from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter data showing that Martian surface water left behind salt minerals 2 billion years ago. https://go.nasa.gov/3o2gTMq
The team used data from an instrument on the MRO spacecraft called the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM). They also used the context camera and the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) color camera on the spacecraft to map the range of chloride salts in the southern hemisphere of Mars.
The salts were found in depressions that were once shallow pools, they wrote.

“It’s amazing that, more than a decade after providing high-resolution imagery, stereo, and infrared data, MRO is driving new discoveries about the nature and timing of these ancient river-connected salt ponds,” corresponding author Bethany L. Eyre Man at the press conference.
“Part of the value of MRO is that over time, we get an increasingly detailed view of Earth,” said Leslie Tamppari, mission associate project scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “The more we map the Earth with instruments, the better we can learn about its history.”

Complete News Source – TEH INDIAN EXPRESS

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Patterns of behaviour that emerge after trauma

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12 months ago

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May 8, 2023

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Patterns of behaviour that emerge after trauma

Trauma is a deeply distressing or disturbing experience that can leave a lasting impact on a person’s mental and emotional health. It can result from a range of events, such as natural disasters, accidents, physical or emotional abuse, or military combat. Trauma can have a significant effect on a person’s behavior and can manifest in various ways. Here are some patterns of behavior that often emerge after trauma:

  1. Hyperarousal: After experiencing trauma, a person may feel constantly on edge, with heightened levels of anxiety and tension. This can manifest as irritability, restlessness, and difficulty sleeping.
  2. Avoidance: Trauma can also cause a person to avoid situations, people, or places that remind them of the traumatic experience. This can lead to social withdrawal, isolation, and a loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities.
  3. Emotional numbness: Trauma can cause a person to feel emotionally disconnected or numb, making it difficult for them to experience positive emotions such as joy or love.
  4. Hypervigilance: A person who has experienced trauma may be hyper-aware of their surroundings and perceive threats where none exist. This can lead to an increased sense of danger, which can trigger anxiety or panic attacks.
  5. Flashbacks: Trauma can cause a person to experience vivid and intrusive memories of the traumatic event. These flashbacks can be triggered by a range of stimuli, such as sights, sounds, or smells.
  6. Guilt and shame: Trauma can cause a person to experience feelings of guilt, shame, and self-blame. They may feel responsible for what happened to them, even when it was beyond their control.
  7. Substance abuse: Trauma can lead to the use of drugs or alcohol as a way of coping with difficult emotions. This can quickly become a self-destructive pattern of behavior that exacerbates the trauma.

It’s important to note that not everyone who experiences trauma will display all of these behaviors, and that each person’s response to trauma is unique. However, recognizing these patterns of behavior can help individuals and their loved ones identify when trauma may be a contributing factor to mental and emotional health challenges. Seeking professional support, such as therapy or counseling, can help individuals process their trauma and learn healthy coping mechanisms to manage their behavior.

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